In diabetes mellitus type I is the destruction of pancreatic cells that synthesize insulin, which leads to absolute insulin deficiency. The reason for such degradation is that as a result of autoimmune processes, when under the influence of viral infection (influenza virus, Coxsackie, paratyphoid fever, rubella, etc.) the immune system produces antibodies that begin to deal with their own tissues, taking their tissue for foreign and destroying them.
In this case, there are cells that are responsible for insulin production. A prerequisite for the diagnosis of this type of diabetes is to detect such antibodies, they are called autoimmune markers.
In cases where you can not find such autoimmune markers, and the destruction of beta cells still occurs, such a diabetes is a type I diabetes, but it is called idiopathic. The term sounds very solid and convincing, and, in essence, means that the cause of this destruction is unknown. Pancreatic tissue remarkably is plastic, and the symptoms of diabetes appear only after the destruction of more than 80% of the cells. As a result, there is a lack of insulin excess glucose in the blood, because without insulin, it could not get into the cells of insulin-dependent tissues.
The result is a paradoxical situation. Cells floating in the glucose, but can not digest it, such a state old doctors called “hunger among plenty”. This cellular starvation stimulates further synthesis of glucose – glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, in result its level in blood increases many times. To relieve the excess glucose, the kidneys begin to remove it from the urine – this is called glucosuria. Number of urine and frequency of urination also increased (polyuria). Loss of large amounts of fluid is constant and severe thirst (polydipsia). Hungry cells stimulate appetite and food intake also increased, but body weight is reduced, because without insulin and glucose has no energy, no material in the cells for the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
There is also another clinical symptoms described in the section “Clinical signs of diabetes. ” After these symptoms without proper treatment quickly develops severe complications of diabetes.
From the described picture of diabetes mellitus type I, it follows that the only treatment is insulin. The best regimen of insulin is one that mimics the pancreas – a combination of basal and peak introductions.
See Also
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