Between diabetes and the normal state, there are two types of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.
Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance are united under one name – pre-diabetes.
In addition to these signs of pre-diabetes is also characterized by:
Excessive accumulation of fat around the waist – for men over 102 cm, for women over 88 cm;
High blood pressure – more than 140/90 mm. Hg. Art.;
Lipid disorders (cholesterol less than 1 mmol / l, for women Continue reading »
Tests to detect diabetes should perform all persons aged 45 years or older (with normal results of screening repeated every 3 years. If there is a risk factors listed below – every year.
Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
Persons under 45 years tests perform in the presence of risk factors, as well as in cases of suspected diabetes.
According to the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association, risk factors, when is necessarily perform tests, include:
Body mass index over 25 kg/m2;
Physical inactivity;
If a woman gave birth to a baby weighing over 4 kg, or were diagnosed Continue reading »
Indications for the test.
The extent of compensation of diabetes.
The principle of the method.
Ketones (ketone bodies, acetone body) – are organic substances produced in the process of biochemical transformations of lipids and proteins. The term ketonuria means the presence of ketones in the urine.
The methodology of the investigation.
The study was conducted in the laboratory. There are special sets of tests for Continue reading »
Indications for the test determination of protein in the urine.
Evaluation of functional capacity of the kidneys, the degree of compensation of diabetes mellitus, prediction of late complications, monitoring of treatment.
The principle of the method determination of protein in the urine
In diabetes mellitus in some degree disturbed excretory ability of the kidneys. The higher the blood sugar and the longer the disease, the greater the kidney is passed in the urine of healthy substances. One of the first signs of such disorders is the appearance of protein in urine called albumin. Normally, the urine is allocated a very small amount of protein (30-50 mg / day), not diagnosed by conventional methods. When Continue reading »
Indications for the test.
Evaluation of functional ability of the kidneys and the degree of disturbance of protein metabolism.
The principle of the method.
In order to assess the degree of impairment of protein metabolism and renal excretory capacity in diabetes, determine the content of creatinine and urea in the blood and urine. These substances are the end products of protein metabolism, formed in tissues, circulate in the blood and excreted in urine. Their level in urine and serum is due to the excretory ability of the kidneys. Thus, defining these indicators, we can estimate the degree of metabolic Continue reading »
Indications for the test.
Diagnosis of disorders of lipid metabolism, evaluation of the degree of compensation of diabetes, control of treatment.
The principle of the method.
In diabetes significantly disturbed lipid metabolism, which provokes the development of diseases such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Therefore, determination of lipid should be administered to all patients to assess the likelihood of complications and early prevention. The defined indicators are: total cholesterol, HDL – high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL – low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides.
Methods of carrying out.
The study was conducted under laboratory conditions. Take blood from a vein on an empty stomach. Continue reading »
Indications for the test Investigation of fructosamine content in blood.
Monitoring of treatment, selection and dose adjustment in insulin therapy, assessment of compensation of diabetes.
The principle of the method of investigation of fructosamine content in blood.
In addition to the protein hemoglobin and other blood proteins also bind to glucose, and such compounds are called fructosamine. The amount of protein (mainly albumin), which binds to glucose depends on the magnitude of blood glucose concentration and duration of finding the Continue reading »
Symbol: HbA1c or HbA1 (depending on the investigated fractions).
Indications for the test: Assessing the degree of compensation and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment for a long time.
Predicting the likelihood of developing late complications of diabetes.
Currently recommended massive investigation of this indicator for diagnosis of diabetes (diabetic not supported by all associations).
Hemoglobin – a protein found in red blood cells and is necessary for oxygen Continue reading »
Indications for the test:
Used to identify the hidden disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, early forms of diabetes, risk factors of diabetes, the slightest suspicion of the disease – all persons under 45 years 1 times in 3 years and those over 45 years – every year.
Experts believe that should be covered by this test as many as possible of the population, since the number of cases of diabetes is increasing. Early detection of disease allows more effective than in advanced cases, treatment.
The principle of the method:
Artificial test of the degree of violation of peak insulin secretion. Continue reading »
Indications for the test.
Used as a diagnostic tool and to monitor treatment.
The principle of the method:
Glucose appears in urine with an increase in blood sugar to a value of more than 9 – 10 mg / dL. This is called glucosuria.
The methodology of:
Sugar in the urine is determined at different volumes: collected for the day or during certain periods of the day.
Evaluation of results:
Norm of glucose in the urine collected over night – no more than 2.8 Continue reading »
